গৃহযুদ্ধের মুখে দাঁড়িয়ে পাকিস্তান

গৃহযুদ্ধের মুখে দাঁড়িয়ে আছে পাকিস্তান। ছোট্ট একটি স্ফুলিঙ্গ থেকে যে কোনও মূহূর্তে ছড়িয়ে পড়তে পারে দাবানল। সেই আগুনে হাত সেঁকার দিন গুনছে বালুচিস্তান। ইসলামাবাদ থেকে আলাদা হয়ে স্বাধীন ভাবে বাঁচার স্বপ্ন দেখছেন সেখানকার বাসিন্দারা। পাকিস্তান ভেঙে পৃথক রাষ্ট্র তৈরির আশায় হাতে অস্ত্র তুলে নিয়েছে বালুচিস্তানের যুবক-যুবতীরা। তাঁদের সংগঠনের নাম ‘বালুচ লিবারেশন আর্মি’ বা বিএলএ। ১৯৬০-এর দশক থেকে একে পূর্ণ সমর্থন জানিয়ে আসছে ভারত। অন্য দিকে, বিএলএ-কে সন্ত্রাসবাদী গোষ্ঠী বলে ঘোষণা করেছে ইসলামাবাদ।
চলতি বছরের ৯ ফেব্রুয়ারি বালুচিস্তানের রাজধানী কোয়েটার রেলস্টেশনে আত্মঘাতী বিস্ফোরণ ঘটে। এতে প্রাণ হারান কমপক্ষে ৩২ জন। আহতের সংখ্যা ৬০ পেরিয়ে যায়। ওই হামলার দায় স্বীকার করে বিএলএ। এ ছাড়াও গত কয়েক বছরে পাক ফৌজিদের বিভিন্ন সময়ে নিশানা করেছে স্বাধীনতাকামী বালুচদের এই সংগঠন।
সেনা হোক বা রাজনৈতিক নেতা, কেন ইসলামাবাদকে দু’চক্ষে দেখতে পারে না বালুচেরা? সেটা জানতে হলে চোখ রাখতে হবে ইতিহাসের পাতায়। এর নেপথ্যে রয়েছে একাধিক অর্থনৈতিক ও রাজনৈতিক কারণ।
পাকিস্তানের চারটি প্রদেশের মধ্যে আয়তনের নিরিখে বালুচিস্তানই সবচেয়ে বড়। পশ্চিমের প্রতিবেশী দেশটির প্রায় ৪৪ শতাংশ জমির উপর এটি গড়ে উঠেছে। কৌশলগত দিক থেকে এই প্রদেশটির গুরুত্ব অপরিসীম।
বালুচিস্তানের দক্ষিণে আরব সাগরের উপকূলে রয়েছে পাক নৌসেনার তিনটি ঘাঁটি। পাশাপাশি, ওই এলাকা আন্তর্জাতিক সমুদ্র বাণিজ্যের অন্যতম প্রধান রুট হিসাবে ব্যবহার করে ইসলামাবাদ। পাহাড় ও মরুভূমিতে ঘেরা এই প্রদেশটির পশ্চিমে ইরান ও উত্তরে আফগানিস্তান। দুই প্রতিবেশী দেশের সঙ্গে থাকা এর সীমান্তরেখার দৈর্ঘ্য যথাক্রমে ৮৪৮ কিমি এবং ১১৫৭ কিমি।
একাধিক মানুষের বাসভূমি বালুচিস্তানের সাংস্কৃতির বৈচিত্রও চোখে পড়ার মতো। এখানে মূলত দু’টি জনজাতির বাসিন্দাদের আধিক্য রয়েছে। প্রদেশটির মোট জনসংখ্যার ৪৮ শতাংশই ‘পশতুন’। যাঁদের মূলত বালুচিস্তানের উত্তর অংশে শহর এলাকাগুলিতে বেশি পরিমাণে দেখতে পাওয়া যায়।
অন্য দিকে ‘ব্রাহুই’ভাষী বালুচেরা এই প্রদেশের মধ্য এবং দক্ষিণ ভাগে বসবাস করেন। শতাংশের নিরিখে এদের সংখ্যা ৫০। পাকিস্তানের অত্যতম খনিজ সম্পদে পরিপূর্ণ এলাকা হল এই বালুচিস্তান। এখানে রয়েছে সোনা এবং ইউরেনিয়ামের খনি। ১৯৯৯ সালে এখানেই পরমাণু বোমার পরীক্ষা করেছিল ইসলামাবাদ।
সাধারণত সমুদ্র উপকূলবর্তী ও খনি সম্বলিত এলাকাগুলির দ্রুত আর্থিক সমৃদ্ধি ঘটে। কিন্তু বালুচিস্তানের ক্ষেত্রে সেই হিসাব একেবারেই মেলেনি। বর্তমানে এখানকার ৭০ শতাংশ বাসিন্দা দারিদ্রসীমার নীচে রয়েছেন। আর ১৫ শতাংশ বালুচ ভুগছেন হেপাটাইটিস বি এবং সি রোগে।
দুনিয়াখ্যাত সমীক্ষক সংস্থাগুলির দাবি, বালুচিস্তানের প্রায় ১৮ লাখ শিশু স্কুলে পড়ার সুযোগই পায় না। সেখানকার পাঁচ হাজার বিদ্যালয়ে রয়েছে একটি মাত্র ক্লাসরুম। পাকিস্তানের শিশুদের মৃত্যুহার যেখানে প্রতি এক লক্ষে ২৭৮, সেখানে বালুচিস্তানে তা ৭৮৫। মৃত্যুহারের এই পার্থক্যের পিছনে রয়েছে অত্যন্ত নিম্নমানের স্বাস্থ্য পরিষেবা।
ইতিহাসবিদদের দাবি, মিশর ও ব্যাবিলনের থেকেও প্রাচীন সভ্যতার চারণভূমি হল এই বালুচিস্তান। প্রায় আট থেকে ন’হাজার বছর আগে এখানকার মেহেরগড়ে নগরকেন্দ্রিক সভ্যতার জন্ম হয়েছিল। কোয়েটা সংলগ্ন ওই এলাকায় প্রথম কৃষি ফসলের অস্তিত্ব খুঁজে পান প্রত্নতাত্ত্বিকেরা। মেহেরগড়ের আনুমানিক জনসংখ্যা দু’লক্ষ ছিল বলে মনে করেন তাঁরা। শুধু তাই নয়, অনেকেরই ধারণা মেহেরগড়ের বাসিন্দারাই পরবর্তী কালে সিন্ধু নদীর তীরে চলে আসেন। তাঁদের হাতেই সেখানে গড়ে ওঠে হরপ্পা ও মহেঞ্জোদাড়োর মতো উন্নত শহর।
আধুনিক গবেষণায় বালুচিদের ইন্দো-ইরানি বংশোদ্ভূত বলে উল্লেখ করা হয়েছে। মধ্য এশিয়ার কাস্পিয়ান সাগরের তীরবর্তী এলাকা থেকে তাঁরা পাকিস্তানের এই প্রদেশে এসে বসতি গড়ে তোলেন। মুঘল বাদশা হুমায়ুনের সঙ্গে বালুচ সর্দারদের ছিল অটুট বন্ধুত্ব। শের শাহ সুরির বিরুদ্ধে যুদ্ধে তাঁরা মুঘলদের সাহায্য করেন। বিনিময়ে কোয়েটার উপর নিয়ন্ত্রণ থাকলেও তাঁদের এক রকম স্বাধীন ভাবেই ওই এলাকা শাসন করার দয়িত্ব দেন পরবর্তী বাদশারা।
১৬৯৮ সালে ইরানিদের হারিয়ে প্রায় সমগ্র বালুচিস্তান দখল করে নেন সেখানকার সর্দারেরা। কালাদকে রাজধানী শহর হিসাবে গড়ে তোলেন তাঁরা। মুঘল বাদশা আওরঙ্গজেব বাধ্য হন তাঁদের মান্যতা দিতে। তিনি অবশ্য পাকিস্তানের এই প্রদেশটিকে একটি বাফার জোন হিসাবে ব্যবহার করতে চেয়েছিলেন। তবে এই সময়কালকেই বালুচিস্তানের স্বর্ণযুগ বলে মনে করা হয়।
১৮৩৯ ব্রিটিশ ইস্ট ইন্ডিয়া কোম্পানি কালাদ দখল করে। পরবর্তী সময়ে সেখানকার স্থানীয় শাসকদের সঙ্গে জোড়া চুক্তি করেন ভাইসরয় লর্ড লিটন। এর উপর ভর করে বালুচিস্তানে সেনা রাখার অধিকার পায় ব্রিটিশ সরকার। সেখানে রেলপথ ও টেলিগ্রাফের বিস্তার ঘটান তাঁরা। গোটা এলাকাটিকে আফগানিস্তানের সঙ্গে একটা বাফার জ়োন হিসাবে ব্যবহার করতে থাকেন ইংরেজ শাসকেরা।
কালাদের শেষ রাজা ছিলেন খান মির আহমদিয়ার খান। ১৯৪৬ সালে ক্যাবিনেট মিশন ভারতে এলে এর তিন সদস্যের সঙ্গে দেখা করেন তিনি। কালাদকে স্বাধীন দেশ হিসাবে মান্যতা দেওয়ার দাবি জানান আমহদিয়ার। পাশাপাশি চেয়ে বসেন নেপাল ও ভুটানের মতো বিশেষ মর্যাদা, যা পত্রপাঠ বাতিল করে দেন তৎকালীন ভাইসরয় লর্ড ওয়াভেল এবং কংগ্রেসের প্রথম সারির নেতা জওহরলাল নেহরু।
নিজের স্বাধীনতা বজায় রাখতে সঙ্গে সঙ্গে মুসলিম লিগের সঙ্গে যোগাযোগ করেন আহমদিয়ার। মহম্মদ আলি জিন্নাকে নিজের প্রধান আইনি পরামর্শদাতা নিয়োগ করেন তিনি। ১৯৪৭ সালের ১১ অগস্ট কালাদের স্বাধীনতাকে মান্যতা দেয় লিগ। ওই সময়ে বালুচিস্তান মোট চারটি এলাকায় বিভক্ত ছিল। কালাদ ছাড়া বাকি তিনটি জায়গা হল খারান, লাসবেলা এবং মাকরান। এগুলিও আর পাঁচটা দেশীয় রাজ্যের মতোই ছিল।
১৯৪৮ সালের মার্চ আসতে আসতে সুচতুর জিন্না এক এক করে খারান, লাসবেলা এবং মাকরানকে পাকিস্তানের সঙ্গে জুড়ে নেন। কালাদ তখনও স্বাধীনতার ধ্বজা টিকিয়ে রেখেছে। অবস্থা বেগতিক বুঝে ব্রিটেন ও ভারতের কাছে সাহায্য চান আহমদিয়ার। কিন্তু, ১৯৪৮ সালের ২৮ মার্চ মেজর জেনারেল আকবর খানের নেতৃত্বে ওই এলাকায় হামলা চালায় পাক সেনা। কালাদের শেষ শাসককে বন্দি করে করাচি নিয়ে যায় তারা।
করাচিতে পাকিস্তানের সঙ্গে কালাদের সংযুক্তির চুক্তিতে আহমদিয়ারকে সই করতে বাধ্য করা হয়। শেষ হয় ২২৭ দিনের স্বাধীনতা। ব্যাপারটা একেবারেই ভাল চোখে দেখেননি আহমদিয়ারের ভাই আবদুল করিম। পাক ফৌজিদের বিরুদ্ধে এক রকম বিদ্রোহ ঘোষণা করেন তিনি। কিন্তু মিথ্যা প্রতিশ্রুতি দিয়ে তাঁকে গ্রেফতার করে ইসলামাবাদ।
১৯৫৮ সালের অক্টোবরে প্রথম বার পুরোপুরি সেনা শাসনে চলে যায় পাকিস্তান। ওই সময়ে প্রদেশভিত্তিক ভেদাভেদও বন্ধ করে দেওয়া হয়েছিল। ফলে নিজেদের অস্তিত্ব টিঁকিয়ে রাখতে আন্দোলন শুরু করে বালুচ নেতারা। জেনারেল ইয়াহিয়া খান কুর্সিতে এসে সেই নিয়ম বদল করেন। গত শতাব্দীর সত্তরের দশকে জুলফিকর আলি ভুট্টো পাকিস্তানের প্রধানমন্ত্রী হয়ে বালুচিস্তানের প্রথম সারির সমস্ত রাজনৈতিক নেতাকে গ্রেফতার করেন। একে ‘হায়দরাবাদ ষড়যন্ত্র’ বলা হয়।
বালুচ নেতারা ধরা প়ড়তেই গোটা এলাকায় বিদ্রোহের আগুন জ্বলে ওঠে। তাঁদের সঙ্গে এঁটে উঠতে পারেনি পাক সেনা। বাধ্য হয়ে ইরানের সাহায্য নেয় ইসলামাবাদ। তেহরান থেকে পাথুরে মরুভূমি এলাকাটির উপর লাগাতার চলে কপ্টার ও যুদ্ধবিমানে হামলা। ১৯৭৭ সালে ভুট্টোকে সরিয়ে জেনারেল জিয়াউল হক ফের পাকিস্তানে সেনা শাসন শুরু করার আগে পর্যন্ত বার বার রক্তাক্ত হয়েছে বালুচিস্তান।
জেনারেল জিয়ার শাসনকালে তুলনামূলক ভাবে শান্ত ছিল পাকিস্তানের এই প্রদেশ। কিন্তু, ২১ শতকের গোড়ার দিকে নতুন করে সেখানে বিদ্রোহ দানা বাঁধতে শুরু করে। ওই সময়ে সেনা অভ্যুত্থানের মাধ্যমে ক্ষমতা দখল করেন জেনারেল পারভেজ মুশারফ। ফৌজি বুটের তলায় বালুচ বিদ্রোহীদের পিষে দেওয়ার হুমকি পর্যন্ত দিয়েছিলেন তিনি।
মুশারফের সময় থেকেই বিদ্রোহ দমনের নামে পাক গুপ্তচর সংস্থা আইএসআইয়ের বিরুদ্ধে বালুচ যুবকদের অপহরণের অভিযোগ উঠতে শুরু করে। ২০১৩ সালে বেজিংয়ের সঙ্গে ‘চিন পাকিস্তান অর্থনৈতিক করিডোর’-এর (সিপিইসি) কাজ শুরু করে ইসলামাবাদ। বালুচিস্তানের গ্বদর বন্দর থেকে চিনের শিনজিয়াং প্রদেশের কাশগড় পর্যন্ত প্রায় দু’হাজার কিলোমিটার লম্বা রাস্তা তৈরির কথা বলা হয়েছে এই প্রকল্পে।
প্রাথমিক ভাবে সিপিইসিতে স্থানীয় বালুচ যুবক-যুবতীদের কর্মসংস্থানের কথা বলা হয়েছিল। কিন্তু অভিযোগ, বেজিং বা ইসলামাবাদ, কেউই সেই প্রতিশ্রুতি পূরণ করেনি। উল্টে গ্বদরে নতুন বন্দর তৈরি করায় সেখানে মৎস্য শিকারের অধিকার হারান বালুচেরা। এই ঘটনা নতুন করে গোটা প্রদেশটির স্বাধীনতার দাবিকে জোরদার করে।
বালুচিস্তানের সুই এলাকায় মেলে প্রাকৃতিক গ্যাস। সেই প্রাকৃতিক সম্পদের কানাকড়িও পৌঁছয় না আম বালুচদের কাছে। পাইপলাইন মারফত লাহোর, মুলতান, ইসলামাবাদ বা রাওয়ালপিন্ডিতে ওই গ্যাস সরবরাহ করে পাক সরকার। এ ছাড়া সেখানকার জনজাতির জমি দখলেরও অভিযোগ রয়েছে পশ্চিম পারের প্রতিবেশী দেশটির সেনাবাহিনীর উপর।
২১ শতকের প্রথম দশক থেকেই বালুচ মুক্তি আন্দোলন পাকিস্তানের এই প্রদেশটিতে ছড়িয়ে পড়েছে। দু’ভাবে পরিচালিত হচ্ছে এই আন্দোলন। এক দিকে এর নেতৃত্ব দিচ্ছে স্থানীয় রাজনৈতিক দল। গণভোটের মাধ্যমে বালুচিস্তানকে আলাদা রাষ্ট্র ঘোষণার দাবি করছে তারা। পাশাপাশি চলছে সশস্ত্র আন্দোলন। চিনা প্রকল্পের কর্মী-ইঞ্জিনিয়ার থেকে শুরু করে পাক সেনার উপর চোরাগোপ্তা আক্রমণই এর মূল লক্ষ্য। তবে কোন রাস্তায় সমস্যার সমাধান হবে, তার উপর দেবে সময়।







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